Types of conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases or clauses together. There are three main types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions (join equal elements, like "and"), subordinating conjunctions (link a dependent clause to a main clause, like "because") and correlative conjunctions (paired words, like "either...or") that connect matching sentence parts.
Types of types of conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
These join two words, phrases or independent clauses of equal grammatical importance; there are seven, remembered by the acronym FANBOYS.
e.g. for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Subordinating conjunctions
These introduce a dependent (subordinate) clause and connect it to an independent clause, often showing time, cause, contrast or condition.
e.g. because, although, since, if, when
Correlative conjunctions
These work in pairs to connect matching or balanced sentence elements.
e.g. either...or, not only...but also, both...and
Conjunctive adverbs
Sometimes classed as a fourth type, these adverbs act like conjunctions to link independent clauses, usually after a semicolon.
e.g. however, therefore, moreover, consequently
Rules to remember
- Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when it joins two independent clauses.
- Do not use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that only joins two words or phrases.
- A subordinating conjunction can start a sentence; if it does, place a comma after the introductory clause.
- Correlative conjunctions must connect grammatically parallel elements (same word type or structure on both sides).
- Conjunctive adverbs need a semicolon before them and a comma after them when joining two independent clauses.
Examples in sentences
| Example | How it works |
|---|---|
| I wanted to go for a run, but it started raining. | Coordinating conjunction 'but' joins two independent clauses with a comma. |
| She stayed home because she felt unwell. | Subordinating conjunction 'because' introduces a dependent clause of reason. |
| Although the exam was difficult, most students passed. | Subordinating conjunction at the start of the sentence, followed by a comma. |
| You can either take the bus or walk to the station. | Correlative conjunction 'either...or' links two parallel options. |
| Not only did he arrive late, but he also forgot his notes. | Correlative conjunction 'not only...but also' balances two clauses. |
| The results were disappointing; however, the team stayed motivated. | Conjunctive adverb 'however' links two independent clauses with a semicolon and comma. |
| I like tea and coffee. | Coordinating conjunction joining two words, so no comma is needed. |
Common mistakes
Incorrect: I like tea, and coffee.
Correct: I like tea and coffee.
Incorrect: Not only he is talented, but also hardworking.
Correct: Not only is he talented, but he is also hardworking.
Incorrect: The traffic was heavy, however we arrived on time.
Correct: The traffic was heavy; however, we arrived on time.
Why this matters for IELTS
Using a mix of coordinating, subordinating and correlative conjunctions accurately shows examiners you can construct complex sentences, which directly boosts your Grammatical Range and Accuracy score in IELTS Writing and Speaking. Instead of repeating simple sentences joined only by "and" or "but", try varying your links with words like "although", "since", "not only...but also" or "therefore". Just make sure punctuation, especially commas and semicolons, is correct, since misplaced punctuation with conjunctions is a common accuracy error that can lower your band.
Frequently asked questions
What are the main types of conjunctions?
The three main types are coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or), subordinating conjunctions (because, although, if) and correlative conjunctions (either...or, both...and). Some grammars also include conjunctive adverbs like 'however' as a related fourth type.
What is the difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions?
Coordinating conjunctions join two equal, independent clauses or words, while subordinating conjunctions attach a dependent clause to an independent clause, showing a relationship such as time, cause or contrast.
Can a sentence start with a conjunction?
Yes, subordinating conjunctions like 'although' or 'because' commonly start sentences, followed by a comma. Starting with coordinating conjunctions like 'And' or 'But' is grammatically acceptable in modern English but is best used sparingly in formal writing.
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